Omokoshaban.com

 A natural loss of the products of pregnancy. Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently. Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks

Counselling. Lifestyle modification, e.g. weight optimisation, smoking cessation and regular sexual intercourse. Investigation of semen analysis and prolactin level. Mid-luteal (day 21) progesterone assay. > 30 nmol/L suggests adequate ovulation. Laparoscopy and/or hysterosalpingography (Specialist supervision). MEDICINE TREATMENT Treat the underlying

Hirsutism refers to terminal hair growth in amounts that are socially undesirable, typically following a male pattern of distribution. Virilisation refers to the development of male secondary sexual characteristics in a woman. This condition requires referral to a tertiary hospital

Primary amenorrhoea: no menstruation by 14 years of age in the absence of secondary sexual characteristics; or failure to menstruate by 16 years of age. Secondary amenorrhoea: amenorrhoea for at least 3 months in women with previous normal menses Investigations

The presence and proliferation of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, usually within the pelvis. It may manifest as dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain. Diagnosis is made by laparoscopy. GENERAL MEASURES For women who wish to conceive, referral for

DESCRIPTION PID includes salpingitis with or without oöphoritis and, as precise clinical localisation is often difficult, denotes the spectrum of conditions resulting from infection of the upper genital tract. Sequelae include: »     recurrent infections if inadequately treated, »     

INTRODUCTION Surgical procedures as dictated by the diagnosis. Perform a transvaginal ultrasound and endometrial sampling in all women over 45 years of age. Actively exclude organic causes, e.g. fibroids, for abnormal uterine bleeding. MEDICINE TREATMENT Dysfunctional uterine bleeding implies that

Lower abdominal pain that starts with the onset of menstruation, and subsides after menses have ended. It may be primary or secondary. Secondary dysmenorrhoea is associated with chronic pelvic infection, fibroids, endometriosis and adenomyosis. GENERAL MEASURES For secondary dysmenorrhoea, investigate

WARTS abnormal elevated blemish on the skin; caused by a virus Superficial muco-cutaneous infection caused by the human papilloma virus. GENERAL MEASURES Cryotherapy. Check patients with anogenital warts for the presence of other STIs. MEDICINE TREATMENT Cutaneous warts Treatment seldom

The skin may be infected by yeasts or fungi and the clinical presentation varies with organism, body site infected and the body’s response to the infection. Most infections are due to anthropomorphic species that infect humans primarily. Yeasts such as

Lesions due to insect bite often grouped or in a linear arrangement, show a central bite mark and are on exposed areas of the body. Initial lesion is a red papule, which may blister, become excoriated, and then heal with

A transient itchy inflammatory skin and mucosal condition recognised by a wheal and flare reaction. There are many causes. In most chronic cases the precipitant for the urticaria is never found. Lesions due to insect bite are often grouped, show

This is an inflammatory condition of the skin and joints of unknown aetiology. Scaly red, itchy papules and plaques over extensor surfaces and in the scalp are common. The nails and skin folds are often involved. In exceptional cases, it

A chronic relapsing disorder of the lower limbs, which usually occurs in middle-aged women. It has many causes and is often associated with lipodermatosclerosis (bound-down, fibrosed skin) and eczema. It is mainly associated with vascular, predominantly venous insufficiency and immobility.

Erythema multiforme An acute, self-limiting and commonly recurrent inflammatory skin eruption with variable involvement of the mucous membranes and without systemic symptoms. Symmetrically distributed crops of target lesions (dark centre, an inner, pale ring surrounded by an outer red ring) often

Eczema is an inflammatory skin condition recognised by vesicles, weeping and crusting in the acute phase; and thickened, scaly skin with increased skin markings known as lichenification in the chronic phase. Eczema can be allergic or non-allergic. GENERAL MEASURES Avoid

Localised bacterial skin infection of hair follicles (furuncle/boil) or dermis (abscess), usually with S. aureus. The surrounding skin becomes: »       swollen,                                »      red, »       hot , and                               »     tender to touch. Note: Boils in

Superficial skin infection, starting as vesicles with an inflammatory halo. Later a characteristic honey-coloured crust on erythematous base develops which heals without scarring. Usually caused by group A streptococci or staphylococcal infection. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a potential complication. GENERAL MEASURES

Skin and subcutaneous infections with pain, swelling and erythema usually caused by streptococci, but also staphylococci and occasionally other organisms. Regional lymphadenitis may be present. Erysipelas has a raised demarcated border, whilst the border is indistinct in cellulitis. The presence

Extemporaneous compounding of some of the preparations listed should only take place at institutions where the competencies and equipment are available. ACNE Acne is an inflammatory condition of the pilosebaceous unit. Secondary changes can lead to scarring and inflammation GENERAL

These are chronic sequelae of rheumatic fever consisting of valvular damage, usually involving left heart valves, with progression and complications. GENERAL MEASURES  Acute stage: bed rest and supportive care. Patient education. Intensive health education for prevention of sore throats. MEDICINE

This is a life-threatening situation that requires immediate lowering of BP usually with parenteral therapy. Grade 3-4 hypertensive retinopathy is usually present with impaired renal function and proteinuria.The true emergency situation should preferably be treated by an appropriate specialist. Life-threatening

HYPERTENSION, SEVERE These patients have severe hypertension, are asymptomatic and have no evidence of progressive target organ damage. Keep the patient in the care setting and repeat BP measurement after resting for 1 hour. If the second measurement is still

Hypertension control has significant benefit for patients. Detect and treat co-existent risk factors. Assess cardiovascular risk. Lifestyle modification and patient education is essential for all patients. Medicine treatment is needed for SBP >140 mmHg and DBP > 90 mmHg. See

GENERAL MEASURES Bed rest. Early surgical intervention in acute fulminant and prosthetic valve endocarditis is often indicated. MEDICINE TREATMENT Treat accompanying complications, e.g. cardiac failure. Antibiotic therapy It is essential to do at least three and no more than six

DESCRIPTION CCF is a clinical syndrome and has several causes.  The cause and immediate precipitating factor(s) of the CCF must be identified and treated to prevent further damage to the heart. Potentially reversible causes include:   »     anaemia,                                           

DESCRIPTION This rhythm does not require treatment, unless it is causing symptoms, i.e. syncope, dizziness, tiredness and poor effort tolerance. Sinus bradycardia <50 beats/minute or sinus arrest with slow escape rhythm, accompanied by hypotension, strongly suggest a treatable underlying cause

DESCRIPTION The majority of cases occur in patients over 60 years old and are idiopathic, with an excellent long-term prognosis, provided a permanent pacemaker is implanted. Acute, reversible AV block commonly complicates inferior myocardial infarction. The condition may also be